I think a lot about the criminal justice system. At 79, I’ve mostly evaded its embrace except for a few driving offenses, a surprise visit from the FBI and a college incident in Ohio that I was too drunk to remember but landed me in a drunk tank for an evening.
I have friends who’ve been on both sides of the system, both transgressors and enforcers: police, lawyers, judges, jailors. Like many, I understand the system is antiquated, unjust and needs to be reimagined.
The good news is there are many working today to build a better, more just system. One that maintains the goal of safeguarding the public from chronic violence and theft but abandons the punitive Old Testament ethos.
There are domestic and international models from which we can learn, like the much-touted Norway model, Portugal’s decision to decriminalize the personal use and possession of illicit drugs, and pioneering work being done in nearby Maine, as well as work being done in our own state that has reduced our incarcerated population by almost half.
The broader question we must ask ourselves is: Are we a punitive society or a supportive community that invests in our citizens and shares prosperity? Do we invest in people and communities — or jails, homeless shelters and emergency rooms?
The United States has the highest per capita incarceration rate in the world, ahead of St. Kitts & Nevis and Seychelles. Vermont is the state with the fourth lowest per capita incarceration rate, with only Rhode Island, Maine and Massachusetts below. As of March 15, Vermont’s total incarcerated population was 1,369, of whom 114 are women and 124 are men housed out-of-state at CoreCivic in Mississippi, a for-profit prison company. Vermont’s total population under some form of community supervision is 3,141 people on probation, 660 on parole and 246 on furlough.
A rapidly growing rate of older incarcerated people, reflecting long sentencing, has put a severe burden on all prison systems, especially as it relates to the correctional system’s obligation to provide health care. Given very low recidivism rates for male prisoners over the age of 40 (7.5%), why not enable people to earn early release and better prepare them for reentry?
Sen. Tanya Vyhovsky, P/D-Chittenden Central, has sponsored S.155, which would allow an incarcerated person to petition a court for early release after serving a fixed portion of their sentence based on earned criteria — such as good behavior or completing educational or training programs. However, it is not expected to pass this session.
S.58, an omnibus crime bill — reflecting earlier “tough-on-crime” attitudes — would make prosecuting drug crimes easier, add new crimes and delay implementation of the “raise-the-age” initiative to reduce the number of juveniles in corrections.
To this point, in my next column, I’ll write about an innovative program underway between Community College of Vermont and the Vermont Department of Corrections.
Ninety-eight percent of people serving in corrections eventually return to society. So it’s in our own self-interest that they be prepared to securely rejoin their families, friends and communities.
A former commissioner of corrections once reminded me that corrections does not put people in jail, rather police, prosecutors, legislators, juries (us) and judges do. Corrections is their keeper, charged with maintaining a secure facility and ensuring the health and well-being of those in their care.
Many correctional systems, including Vermont’s, understand that they must also prepare those in their care for a life outside. This may include access to language, literacy and other basic education skills; job training; substance use disorder treatment; as well as health care and/or trauma-informed counseling.
Given the certainty of reentry into our communities, how do we best use an incarcerated person’s time inside?
First, we must understand the criminogenic environment outside and how it can lead to criminal behavior. Studies have shown that between 62% and 78% of incarcerated adult males experienced trauma during their lifetime prior to incarceration.
We also know that the prefrontal cortex matures more slowly in boys than in girls. Put simply, young boys and men do more risky and stupid things when they’re young. Do you want to be measured solely by the worst mistake you made in your lifetime? I don’t. Did nothing else matter? Are we only the sum of our worst behaviors?
After an offender’s proven guilty in a court of law but prior to the sentencing hearing, what if the judiciary required a professional evaluation to determine whether a defendant’s alleged crime resulted from poverty, physical or mental illness, substance use, disability, gambling or the intergenerational transfer of trauma?
If any of these latter causes were determined to be the genesis of the alleged crime, treatment would replace judicial process and sentencing.
Such a system would significantly reduce the court backlog that denies so many alleged perpetrators the constitutionally guaranteed right to a “speedy trial.”
The consequences of such a process change would put immense pressure on us as a society to invest in our community and family-support systems: substance use disorder treatment, mental health counseling, health care access, education and job training, and anti-poverty efforts (housing, hunger etc.). These are initiatives that would, however, reduce entries into our correctional system and their consequent costs. Currently, preventative supportive services are woefully inadequate and underfunded.
Meanwhile, Gov. Phil Scott’s administration has introduced plans to build a new prison estimated to cost $70 million, although his office estimates it may well cost twice that. What community support services could be funded for that amount?
Vermont’s hunger, homelessness and poverty rates are rising. So, too, has the reported incidence of young people with mental health issues. Between 2018 and 2021, Vermont experienced a 60% increase in children ages 3-8 years old with a mental, emotional or a behavioral health condition presenting as anxiety, depression or behavioral and conduct problems.
We know through many studies that moving our social and economic investments upstream to education, intervention, prevention and access to support services will radically reduce our costs of remediation, repair and restoration.
We can measure our societal failures by the number of people waiting in emergency rooms, engaging in self-harm or attempting suicide, using drugs on our streets, or wasting away behind bars.
Most Vermonters want a more effective criminal justice system, one that reduces reliance on prisons but focuses instead on causation, prevention and community support systems.
Thanks to the Vermont Prisoner’s Rights Office within the Office of the Defender General, Jayna Ahsaf of the Vermont – FreeHer Campaign, the Vermont ACLU’s Smart Justice Campaign and visionary leadership in the Department of Corrections, we are seeing significant progress.
But the shift to a more just and cost-efficient system is up to us.
